{"id":30,"date":"2024-12-19T19:21:18","date_gmt":"2024-12-19T19:21:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/?p=30"},"modified":"2024-12-19T19:21:18","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T19:21:18","slug":"zeytin-sinegi-mucadelesinde-uygulanan-mucadele-yontemleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/zeytin-sinegi-mucadelesinde-uygulanan-mucadele-yontemleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Zeytin Sine\u011fi M\u00fccadelesinde Uygulanan M\u00fccadele Y\u00f6ntemleri"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Zeytin Sine\u011fi M\u00fccadelesi<\/h2>\n<p>Zeytin meyvesi ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki olumlu etkileri, yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f ve bu durum d\u00fcnya genelinde oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de zeytincilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne \u00f6nemli bir ivme kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FAO) verilerine g\u00f6re, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde ekonomik anlamda 37 \u00fclkede toplam dokuz milyon hektarl\u0131k bir alanda zeytin \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fcretimin %95\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00fcretilen 15 milyon ton zeytinin %86\u2019s\u0131, Akdeniz Havzas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan yedi \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Bu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u0130spanya d\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminin %33,7\u2019sini, \u0130talya %14,7\u2019sini, Yunanistan %11,8\u2019ini, T\u00fcrkiye ise %9,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenmektedir. Di\u011fer \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Fas (%6,7), Suriye (%5,3) ve Tunus (%4,2) bulunmaktad\u0131r (FAO, 2016).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 173 milyon zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 bulunmakta ve 2011-2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ortalama de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re 1,7 milyon ton zeytin \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (FAO, 2016). 2012-2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnya sofral\u0131k zeytin \u00fcretiminin %15,9\u2019unu kar\u015f\u0131layarak bu alanda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015f; sofral\u0131k zeytin ihracat\u0131nda %10,9 ile d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretiminde %5,8 ile alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve ihracat\u0131nda %4,9 ile be\u015finci s\u0131rada bulunmu\u015ftur (IOC, 2016). Zeytin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine ciddi bir d\u00f6viz girdisi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7an \u00e7e\u015fitli zararl\u0131lar mevcuttur. Bu zararl\u0131lar, zeytinin \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve meyvelerine do\u011frudan zarar vererek kalite ve miktar kayb\u0131na neden olurken, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, yaprak, dal ve g\u00f6vdede olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 hasarlarla a\u011fac\u0131 zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp kurumas\u0131na ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilmektedir. Zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler uygulanmaktad\u0131r, ancak uygulama kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u0131zl\u0131 etkisi nedeniyle kimyasal m\u00fccadele en \u00e7ok tercih edilen y\u00f6ntemdir. Ancak sentetik pestisitlerin insan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkileri, zararl\u0131lar\u0131n pestisitlere kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kazanmas\u0131, g\u0131dalarda ila\u00e7 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi gibi sorunlar bu y\u00f6ntemin olumsuz yanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sebeplerle tar\u0131mda kimyasal m\u00fccadelenin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve daha \u00e7evre dostu y\u00f6ntemlerin benimsenmesi g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Toplumun \u00e7evre bilincinin artmas\u0131, bir\u00e7ok pestisit maddesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f; bu durum, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de zeytin dahil baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde u\u00e7akla kimyasal m\u00fccadele uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u00e7evre ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na uyumlu alternatif m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Biyoteknik M\u00fccadele Y\u00f6ntemi<\/strong>, bu alternatifler aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Lay\u0131k ve K\u0131smal\u0131, 1994).<\/p>\n<p>Biyoteknik m\u00fccadele, zararl\u0131lar\u0131n biyolojik veya fizyolojik faaliyetlerini engellemek ya da de\u011fi\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla do\u011fal veya yapay bile\u015fenler kullanmay\u0131 hedefler. Bu y\u00f6ntem, zararl\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fal ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcndeki beslenme, \u00e7iftle\u015fme, yumurta b\u0131rakma gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeyi i\u00e7erir. Feromonlar, cezbedici besin maddeleri, beslenme engelleyiciler, kairomonlar, b\u00f6cek geli\u015fim d\u00fczenleyiciler ve uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar gibi maddeler biyoteknik m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lan temel unsurlard\u0131r. \u00c7evre dostu bu y\u00f6ntem, di\u011fer m\u00fccadele teknikleriyle uyumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir ve g\u0131dalarda kal\u0131nt\u0131 sorununa yol a\u00e7maz.<\/p>\n<p>Biyoteknik m\u00fccadele y\u00f6nteminde kullan\u0131lan bile\u015fikler, yaln\u0131zca hedef zararl\u0131 organizmalara y\u00f6nelik spesifik etki g\u00f6stererek do\u011fal dengenin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7evre dostu y\u00f6ntem, organik tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131 ve entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netim teknikleriyle uyum i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131labilir (Anonim, 2013).<\/p>\n<p>Zeytin \u00fcretiminde, insektisitlerin do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkileri, ihracatta kal\u0131nt\u0131 problemlerine yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ve maliyetleri art\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi nedenlerle, zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede alternatif y\u00f6ntem ve maddelere olan talep artmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda, T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip olan zeytinin ana zararl\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Zeytin Sine\u011fi<\/strong> (Bactrocera oleae) ile m\u00fccadelede biyoteknik y\u00f6ntemler ve bu alandaki g\u00fcncel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, literat\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-33 size-mh-magazine-lite-content\" src=\"https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/zeytin-sinegi2-678x381.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"678\" height=\"381\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Zeytin Sine\u011fi\u2019nin Biyoteknik M\u00fccadelesinde Tuzak Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi, zeytinde ciddi kalite ve verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7an \u00f6nemli bir zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu zararl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 biyoteknik m\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda pop\u00fclasyon izleme amac\u0131yla besin tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak, \u00e7ekici besin protein hidrolizat i\u00e7eren McPhail tipi tuzaklar, sine\u011fin ergin bireylerini yakalamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Orphanidis ve ark., 1958). Daha sonra, sar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015fkan g\u00f6rsel tuzaklar geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve 1970\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren pop\u00fclasyon takibi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Economopoulos, 1980).<\/p>\n<p>1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yunanistan\u2019da, Zeytin sine\u011fi di\u015filerinin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 cinsel \u00e7ekici feromonun (1,7 dioxaspiro (5.5) undecane) sentezlenmesi ve tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla, bu feromonu i\u00e7eren tuzaklar geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f; bu tuzaklar pop\u00fclasyon izleme ve kitlesel yakalama y\u00f6ntemlerinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Mazomenos ve Haniotakis, 1981). G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise e\u015feysel \u00e7ekici feromon, \u00e7ekici besin ve g\u00f6rsel renk tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kombinasyonlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve zararl\u0131 ergin bireylerin cezbet-\u00f6ld\u00fcr prensibine dayal\u0131 kontrol y\u00f6ntemleri yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Pop\u00fclasyon Takibi (Monit\u00f6r Tuzaklar\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi ergin pop\u00fclasyonunu izlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan monit\u00f6r tuzaklar\u0131, haziran ay\u0131nda haz\u0131rlan\u0131p alanlara yerle\u015ftirilir. Bu tuzaklar, amonyum tuzlar\u0131 (%3-5 diamonyum fosfat, amonyum karbonat veya amonyum bikarbonat) i\u00e7eren eriyiklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra e\u015feysel \u00e7ekici feromon (erkekleri \u00e7eken spiroketal) veya \u00e7ekici besin maddeleri ile kombine edilerek hektara bir adet olacak \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r (Rice, 2000; Pala ve ark., 2001). \u0130lk ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye ve y\u0131la g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterdi\u011finden, monit\u00f6r tuzaklar\u0131n haziran ortas\u0131nda as\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adana\u2019da erginler y\u0131l boyunca aktif olup, haziran, ekim, kas\u0131m ve mart aylar\u0131nda yo\u011funluk g\u00f6stermektedir (Bozbu\u011fa, 2007).<\/li>\n<li>Kilis\u2019te haziran sonu (G\u00fclba\u015f, 2012), Ayd\u0131n (Apak, 2013) ve \u0130zmir\u2019de (Kacargil ve Karaca, 2016) eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131, Bursa\u2019da ise eyl\u00fcl-kas\u0131m aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcksek pop\u00fclasyonlar g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Kumral ve ark., 2008).<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7anakkale\u2019de ise a\u011fustos ay\u0131ndan itibaren pop\u00fclasyon art\u0131\u015f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir (Zobar, 2008).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tuzaklarda yakalanan ergin bireylerin say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flama zaman\u0131 belirlenmektedir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, Zeytin sine\u011fi pop\u00fclasyonunun kontrol\u00fcnde kimyasal y\u00f6ntemlere etkili bir alternatif sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/zeytin-sinegi-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"662\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/zeytin-sinegi-3.jpg 662w, https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/zeytin-sinegi-3-300x203.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Kitlesel Yakalama (Mass Trapping) Tuzaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi ile kitlesel yakalama y\u00f6ntemi, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde edebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli kriterlerin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bu kriterler aras\u0131nda lokal iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131, toprak yap\u0131s\u0131, sinek pop\u00fclasyonunun geli\u015fimi, zeytin \u00e7e\u015fidi, \u00fcr\u00fcn miktar\u0131 ve hasat zaman\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu y\u00f6ntemin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerle desteklenmesi \u00f6nemlidir (Baldacchino ve Simeone, 2001; Broumas ve ark., 2002).<\/p>\n<p>Kitlesel yakalama, \u00f6zellikle geni\u015f ve izole alanlarda uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda etkili bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu uygulama, zararl\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fman pop\u00fclasyonunun artmas\u0131na da katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ancak, y\u00f6ntemin etkinli\u011fi, Zeytin sine\u011fi\u2019nin ilk d\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn iyi izlenmesi, pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu artmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgedeki t\u00fcm \u00fcreticilerin e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak bu y\u00f6ntemi uygulamas\u0131yla artar. \u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6llerde tuzak say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 olumlu y\u00f6nde etkiler (Petacchi ve ark., 2003).<\/p>\n<p>Kitlesel tuzaklama, pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu artt\u0131ktan sonra ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda etkisiz kalabilir. \u00d6zellikle denize yak\u0131n ve izole b\u00f6lgelerde ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131 daha y\u00fcksektir. Ancak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlarda, \u00e7evreden bula\u015fmalar nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131 oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu nedenle, geni\u015f alanlarda koordinasyon i\u00e7inde ve t\u00fcm \u00fcreticilerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla uygulanmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. Zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck veya orta yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu alanlarda etkili sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nabilmekte, ancak yo\u011fun pop\u00fclasyon ve az \u00fcr\u00fcn bulunan b\u00f6lgelerde y\u00f6ntem tatmin edici olmayabilir. Bu y\u00f6ntem i\u00e7in ideal bah\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en az 5 hektar olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Uygulamada ya\u015fanan en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar, tuzaklar\u0131n zaman\u0131nda ve yeterli say\u0131da yerle\u015ftirilmemesi ve \u00fcreticiler aras\u0131ndaki koordinasyon eksikli\u011fidir. Tuzaklar, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcne, a\u011fac\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131na ve yerden 1,5-2 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe as\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kitlesel yakalama, zararl\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu alanlarda kimyasal m\u00fccadele ile kombine edilebilir (Anonim, 2011).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Besin Tuzaklar\u0131: McPhail Tuza\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>McPhail tuzaklar\u0131, taban k\u0131sm\u0131nda sineklerin girmesi i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k bulunan cam veya plastik kaplardan olu\u015fur. Bu tuzaklarda \u00e7ekici madde olarak s\u0131v\u0131 protein hidrolizat (aminoasit kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131), %2-5 oran\u0131nda amonyum tuzlar\u0131 (diamonyum fosfat, amonyum karbonat, amonyum bikarbonat) veya Torula maya tabletleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. McPhail tuzaklar\u0131, zeytin sine\u011fi ile m\u00fccadelede ilk kullan\u0131lan tuzak tiplerindendir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avantajlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Erkek ve di\u015fi bireyleri birlikte \u00e7ekebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Tuzak kaplar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar kullan\u0131labilmesi ve \u00e7ekici besin maddesinin yenilenebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Canl\u0131lara toksik etkisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Dezavantajlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Y\u00fcksek maliyetli olmas\u0131 ve s\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilik gerektirmesi.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131cak ve kurak ortamlarda s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011fin s\u0131k s\u0131k yenilenmesi zorunlulu\u011fu.<\/li>\n<li>Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde etkinli\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Yunanistan\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, McPhail tuzaklar\u0131na cezbedici protein (NuLure %9) ve boraks (%3) kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 eklenerek etkili sonu\u00e7lar elde edilmi\u015ftir (Katsoyannos ve ark., 2005). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de Zeytin sine\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ilk kullan\u0131lan tuzaklardan biri olan McPhail tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n %2 amonyum fosfat i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle ergin bireyleri yakalamada etkili oldu\u011fu ortaya konmu\u015ftur (Z\u00fcmreo\u011flu ve ark., 1987). Ancak son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, McPhail tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n feromon i\u00e7eren g\u00f6rsel sar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015fkan tuzaklara k\u0131yasla daha az sinek yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir (Bozbu\u011fa, 2007; De Cristofaro ve ark., 2007).<\/p>\n<p>Kitlesel yakalama y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6zellikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m ve \u00e7evre dostu uygulamalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kimyasal m\u00fccadeleye etkili bir alternatif sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0130spanyol OL\u0130PE Tuza\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>OL\u0130PE tuza\u011f\u0131, \u0130spanya\u2019da organik zeytin \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan ve Zeytin sine\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinde etkili bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu tuzak, 1-2 litrelik plastik \u015fi\u015felerin \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131lan 4-5 adet, 4-5 mm \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki deliklerden olu\u015fur. \u0130\u00e7erisine Torula mayas\u0131 ve su eklenerek haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Daha sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bu tuzaklar, McPhail tuzaklar\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde %3-5\u2019lik diamonyum fosfat, %1-2 hidrolize protein veya do\u011fal \u00e7ekici maddeler (sirke, \u015farap \u015f\u0131ras\u0131, amonyak, amonyum karbonat vb.) ile desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Tuzakta a\u00e7\u0131lan deliklerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131, ar\u0131lar ve faydal\u0131 b\u00f6cekler gibi hedef d\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin giri\u015fini engellerken, Zeytin sine\u011fi erginleri s\u0131v\u0131da bo\u011fularak etkisiz hale gelir. OL\u0130PE tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n McPhail tuzaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli olmas\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak iklimlerde daha uzun s\u00fcre buharla\u015fmadan kalmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli avantajlard\u0131r. Bu tuzaklar, hektara 50-70 adet olacak \u015fekilde, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6lge k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na (g\u00fcney veya g\u00fcneydo\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fc) as\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (Vossen ve ark., 2005).<\/p>\n<p>Kaliforniya\u2019n\u0131n sahil b\u00f6lgelerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, OL\u0130PE tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131 %80-90\u2019dan %30-60\u2019a indirdi\u011fi; \u0130spanya\u2019da ise zarar\u0131 %10 seviyelerine kadar azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor edilmi\u015ftir (Vossen ve ark., 2005). Ancak, az \u00fcr\u00fcn bulunan ve y\u00fcksek zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonuna sahip alanlarda zehirli yem uygulamalar\u0131 veya di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemlerle desteklenmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r (Labrador ve ark., 2011; Almu\u00e7a ve ark., 2013).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da OL\u0130PE tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fini do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7anakkale\u2019deki bir denemede, OL\u0130PE tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer tuzaklara k\u0131yasla daha fazla Zeytin sine\u011fi erginini yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir (Zobar, 2008). \u0130zmir ve Ayd\u0131n\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, %2-3\u2019l\u00fck diamonyum fosfat i\u00e7eren OL\u0130PE tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n en etkili sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 verdi\u011fi g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Ba\u015fp\u0131nar ve ark., 2016).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Eco-Trap<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Eco-Trap, insektisit, cinsel \u00e7ekici feromon ve \u00e7ekici besin (amonyum bikarbonat) kombinasyonundan olu\u015fan bir tuzak tipidir. Zeytin sine\u011fi erginlerini feromon ve besin ile cezbeder, temas etkili insektisit i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle sine\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu tuzak, Delthamethrin (30 \u03bcg\/cm\u00b2) emdirilmi\u015f bir ye\u015fil po\u015fet (15&#215;20 cm) i\u00e7erisine amonyum bikarbonat (70 g) ve sentetik feromon (1,7 dioxaspiro (5,5) undecane) eklenerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak Yunanistan\u2019da geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin organik tar\u0131m d\u00fczenlemelerine uygun oldu\u011fu onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ragoussis, 2005).<\/p>\n<p>Eco-Trap, zararl\u0131n\u0131n orta yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu alanlarda etkili sonu\u00e7lar vermektedir. \u0130nsektisitin yaln\u0131zca tuzak i\u00e7inde etkili olmas\u0131 ve bitki \u00fczerinde kal\u0131nt\u0131 b\u0131rakmamas\u0131, bu y\u00f6ntemin \u00e7evreye duyarl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Ayr\u0131ca, ya\u011fmur ile y\u0131kanma riski bulunmamakta ve do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar \u00fczerinde olumsuz etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir. Ancak, y\u00fcksek tuzak ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyeti y\u00f6ntemin dezavantajlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Eco-Trap tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n Zeytin sine\u011fi pop\u00fclasyonunu kontrol alt\u0131na alma konusunda olduk\u00e7a etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu tuzaklar, Zeytin sine\u011fi\u2019nin meyveye zarar vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde (\u00e7ekirdek sertle\u015fmesi), haziran ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda izleme (monit\u00f6r) tuzaklar\u0131 ile kombine \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonunun art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011finde, kitlesel yakalama amac\u0131yla as\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Haniotakis ve ark., 1991; Anonim, 2013).<\/p>\n<p>Eco-Trap y\u00f6ntemi, organik tar\u0131ma uygunlu\u011fu ve \u00e7evre dostu yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle Akdeniz \u00fclkelerinde (Fransa, \u0130spanya, \u0130talya, Yunanistan, T\u00fcrkiye vb.) yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Kitlesel Tuzaklama ve Uygulama Zaman\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi ile kitlesel tuzaklama y\u00f6ntemi, zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonu artmadan \u00f6nce uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tuzaklar, birinci d\u00f6l erginleri \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce ve sine\u011fin meyvelere zarar verecek olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce as\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (Vioryl, 2005). \u0130zleme tuzaklar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemlerde, pop\u00fclasyonda art\u0131\u015f tespit edilirse, a\u011fustos sonu veya eyl\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131nda ek tuzaklar yerle\u015ftirilerek ikinci bir uygulama yap\u0131labilir. Tuzaklar, hasat sonuna kadar bah\u00e7ede b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yunanistan, H\u0131rvatistan ve \u0130talya\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, Eco-Trap uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n, zehirli yemle yap\u0131lan yedi k\u0131smi dal ila\u00e7lamas\u0131ndan daha etkili oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir (Ricciolini ve ark., 2000; Broumas ve ark., 2002; Bjelis, 2009).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>G\u00f6rsel Sar\u0131 Yap\u0131\u015fkan Tuzaklar<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Bu tuzaklar, canl\u0131lara zehirli etkisinin bulunmamas\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7 ba\u015f\u0131na bir tuza\u011f\u0131n yeterli olmas\u0131 gibi avantajlara sahiptir. Ancak, y\u00fcksek maliyet, faydal\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri yakalamas\u0131 ve y\u00fczeyin \u00e7abuk kirlenmesi gibi dezavantajlar\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Borumas ve Haniotakis, 1994).<\/p>\n<p>Son y\u0131llarda bu tuzaklara feromon (1,7-dioxaspiro (5,5) undecane) ve \u00e7ekici besin maddeleri eklenerek etkinlik art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle izleme tuza\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yunanistan\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, farkl\u0131 renk tuzaklar\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve sar\u0131 ile turuncu tuzaklar\u0131n erkek sinekleri, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve siyah tuzaklar\u0131n ise di\u015fileri daha fazla cezbetti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Beyaz ve mavi renkli tuzaklar\u0131n ise her iki cinsiyeti de \u00e7ekmedi\u011fi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Katsoyannos ve Kouloussis, 2001).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Cinsel \u00c7ekici Koku (Sex Feromon) Tuzaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi di\u015filerinin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sex feromonunun erkekleri \u00e7ekti\u011fi ke\u015ffedildikten sonra bu feromon, izleme ve kitlesel yakalama y\u00f6ntemlerinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Baker ve ark., 1980; Mazomenos ve Haniotakis, 1981). \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu feromon i\u00e7eren tuzaklar\u0131n pop\u00fclasyon kontrol\u00fcnde etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Mazomenos ve ark., 1984; Haniotakis ve ark., 1991).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk feromon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Z\u00fcmreo\u011flu ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (1987, 1992). Speranza ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2007), feromon i\u00e7eren tuzaklar\u0131n, hidrolize protein ve di\u011fer cezbedicilerle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha etkili oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Cezbedicilerin Kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve Zehirli Yem \u0130la\u00e7lamas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinde cezbedicilerle haz\u0131rlanan zehirli yem kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Protein hidrolizat ve insektisit kombinasyonu ile yerden veya havadan uygulama yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek sertle\u015fmesinden hasat d\u00f6nemine kadar pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak haftada bir veya iki haftada bir uygulanabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Spinosad gibi cezbedici i\u00e7eren ila\u00e7lar, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u015ferit \u015feklinde uygulanarak pop\u00fclasyonu kontrol edebilir. Amerika\u2019da yap\u0131lan denemelerde, 4-5 mm \u00e7ap\u0131nda memelerle p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme yap\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck damlalar olu\u015fturarak sineklerle daha fazla temas etti\u011fi ve etkinli\u011fi art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu y\u00f6ntem, uygun uygulama teknikleriyle kombine edildi\u011finde, zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonunu etkili bir \u015fekilde kontrol alt\u0131nda tutabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Zeytin Sine\u011fi M\u00fccadelesinde Kullan\u0131lan Maddeler ve Y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4><strong>1. Pseudomonas putida \u0130zolatlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinde alternatif bir y\u00f6ntem olarak, sineklerin \u00f6n ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131ndan izole edilen <em>Pseudomonas putida<\/em> bakterisinin cezbedici etkisi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, bu bakterinin \u00fcretti\u011fi kokular\u0131n \u00f6zellikle di\u015fi sinekleri \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve ticari hidrolize proteinlerden (Buminal) daha etkili oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bakterinin kokusunun ticari cezbedici olarak arazi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir (Sacchetti ve ark., 2007; Landini ve ark., 2007).<\/p>\n<h4><strong>2. Kaolin Kili<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Kaolin kili (<em>Al4Si4O10(OH)8<\/em>), zararl\u0131lar\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (repellent) etkisi nedeniyle Zeytin sine\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinde kullan\u0131lan bir di\u011fer maddedir. \u00d6zellikle beyaz renkli y\u00fczeylerin Zeytin sine\u011fi \u00fczerindeki itici etkisinden faydalan\u0131larak, %95 oran\u0131nda kaolin i\u00e7eren <strong>Surround WP<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130lk uygulama \u00e7ekirdek sertle\u015fmesinden 1-2 hafta \u00f6nce yap\u0131l\u0131r ve hasada kadar 5-6 haftada bir tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaolin, a\u011fa\u00e7 tac\u0131na p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclerek su ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi olan beyaz bir film tabakas\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<li>ABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Surround WP uygulanan alanlarda zarar oran\u0131 %3\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015ferken, kontrol alanlar\u0131nda %87\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor edilmi\u015ftir (Vossen ve ark., 2005).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Suriye\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, %5\u2019lik kaolin uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n, Dimethoate (150 ml\/100 lt su) gibi insektisitlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deneyde; kaolin uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n hasada kadar etkisini korudu\u011fu, toksik etkisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcreli koruma sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir (Saour ve Makee, 2004).<\/p>\n<h4><strong>3. Yeni Y\u00f6ntemler: Auto-dissemination Tekni\u011fi<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Son y\u0131llarda geli\u015ftirilen <strong>Auto-dissemination<\/strong> tekni\u011fi, zararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkisi olmayan mikroorganizmalar, b\u00f6cek geli\u015fim d\u00fczenleyiciler (IGR) veya feromonlar, ergin b\u00f6ceklerin \u00fczerine yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00f6ce\u011fin bu maddeleri hedef alana ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Yeterli ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda (gizli ve korunmu\u015f b\u00f6lgelerde) larva ve pupalar\u0131n geli\u015fimini engellemektir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Y\u00f6ntem:<\/strong> \u00c7ekici maddeler kullan\u0131larak b\u00f6ceklerin bir istasyona toplanmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Burada b\u00f6ceklere bula\u015fan maddeler, b\u00f6ce\u011fin do\u011fal hareketiyle geni\u015f alanlara ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu y\u00f6ntem, \u00f6zellikle sivrisinek m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olsa da Zeytin sine\u011fi ve di\u011fer zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lma potansiyeline sahiptir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>\u00d6rnek Uygulamalar ve Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Surround WP<\/strong> ile yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, kaolin uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre etkinli\u011fini korudu\u011fu ve insektisitlere k\u0131yasla \u00e7evreye daha az zarar verdi\u011fi belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pseudomonas putida<\/strong> izolatlar\u0131n\u0131n cezbedici etkisi, ticari cezbedicilere g\u00f6re daha etkili bulunmu\u015f ve potansiyel bir biyolojik m\u00fccadele unsuru olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Auto-dissemination<\/strong> tekni\u011fi, uygulama alan\u0131nda \u00e7evre dostu bir y\u00f6ntem olarak dikkat \u00e7ekmekte ve zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede yenilik\u00e7i bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Zeytin sine\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinde kullan\u0131lan bu alternatif y\u00f6ntemler, kimyasal m\u00fccadeleye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltarak \u00e7evre ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n planda tutan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Biyoteknik M\u00fccadelede Oto-\u015ea\u015f\u0131rtma Y\u00f6ntemi<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Oto-\u015fa\u015f\u0131rtma tekni\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle Zeytin sine\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinde kullan\u0131lan yenilik\u00e7i bir biyoteknik y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde, zararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin v\u00fccutlar\u0131na mikroorganizmalar, b\u00f6cek geli\u015fim d\u00fczenleyiciler (IGR) veya feromon gibi maddeler bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak bu maddelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Uygulama iki \u015fekilde yap\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0130stasyon Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong><br \/>\nB\u00f6cekleri cezbeden maddeler i\u00e7eren istasyonlar olu\u015fturulur. Bu istasyonlarda, ergin b\u00f6ceklere zararl\u0131 madde bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, bu maddenin yuvalara, \u00fcreme alanlar\u0131na veya larvalara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00f6ceklerin Laboratuvar Ortam\u0131nda Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131:<\/strong><br \/>\nLaboratuvar ko\u015fullar\u0131nda erkek b\u00f6ceklerin zararl\u0131 maddeyle bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve do\u011faya sal\u0131nmas\u0131yla, \u00e7iftle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu maddenin di\u015fi b\u00f6ceklere, ard\u0131ndan \u00fcreme alanlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r (Unlu ve ark., 2017).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Elektrostatik \u00f6zelliklere sahip tozlarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f di\u015fi feromonlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamalar, \u00e7iftle\u015fmeyi engelleme ve pop\u00fclasyon kontrol\u00fcnde etkili sonu\u00e7lar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r (Howse, 2007). Erkek b\u00f6cekler, di\u015fi feromonu ile kaplanarak di\u011fer erkekler taraf\u0131ndan di\u015fi olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131r ve \u00e7iftle\u015fme s\u00fcreci bozulur (Alt\u0131ndi\u015fli ve \u00d6zsemerci, 2013).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Geleneksel pestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evreye, insanlara ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lara verdi\u011fi zararlar, pestisitlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yerine, \u00e7evre dostu alternatif y\u00f6ntemlere olan ilgi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Biyoteknik m\u00fccadele<\/strong>, bu \u00e7evre dostu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Zeytin Sine\u011fi M\u00fccadelesinde Biyoteknik Y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Zeytin sine\u011fi, zeytin \u00fcretiminde en \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131lardan biridir ve m\u00fccadele edilmedi\u011finde ekonomik zarar e\u015fi\u011fini a\u015fan ciddi kay\u0131plara neden olur.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fccadelede <strong>zararl\u0131y\u0131 cezbetme ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrme<\/strong> (kitlesel tuzaklama, zehirli yem k\u0131smi dal ila\u00e7lamas\u0131) veya <strong>uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong> (repellent) gibi y\u00f6ntemler tercih edilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Kombine tuzaklar (feromon, renk, besin ve insektisit kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131) geli\u015ftirilerek etkinli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve etkili sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Entegre Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi (IPM)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Tek bir m\u00fccadele y\u00f6nteminin uygulanmas\u0131 yerine, zararl\u0131n\u0131n pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu, \u00e7evreyle olan ili\u015fkileri ve ekosistem dengesi dikkate al\u0131narak entegre bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmelidir. Bu kapsamda:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biyoteknik m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri ile do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n pop\u00fclasyonunun ekonomik zarar seviyesinin alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>\u00dcreticilerin biyoteknik m\u00fccadele hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirilmesi ve bu y\u00f6ntemleri benimsemelerinin te\u015fvik edilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>G\u0131da, Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n teknik ve maddi destek sa\u011flamas\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak, biyoteknik m\u00fccadele, zararl\u0131larla \u00e7evreye duyarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde m\u00fccadele edilmesini sa\u011flayan ve do\u011fal dengenin korunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sunan \u00f6nemli bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemlerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, hem zeytin \u00fcretiminde kalite ve verimi art\u0131racak hem de \u00e7evre dostu bir tar\u0131m sistemine ge\u00e7i\u015fi destekleyecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Kaynak isimler ve linki<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr\/izmirzae\/Belgeler\/Zeytin%20Bilimi%20Dergisi\/Zeytin%20Bilimi%20Dergisi%20-%20Y%C4%B1l%20-%202018%20Say%C4%B1%20-%201.pdf\">Serkan KAPTAN*\u00b9, T\u00fclin AK\u015e\u0130T2, H\u00fcseyin BA\u015ePINAR2<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Zeytin Sine\u011fi M\u00fccadelesi Zeytin meyvesi ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki olumlu etkileri, yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f ve bu durum d\u00fcnya genelinde oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/zeytinkokusu.com\/blog\/zeytin-sinegi-mucadelesinde-uygulanan-mucadele-yontemleri\/\" title=\"Zeytin Sine\u011fi M\u00fccadelesinde Uygulanan M\u00fccadele Y\u00f6ntemleri\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":31,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[3,5],"class_list":["post-30","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zeytin-yetistiriciligi","tag-zeytin","tag-zeytin-sinegi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - 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